sys
(stdlib)A Functional Interface to System Messages
This module contains functions for sending system messages used by programs, and messages used for debugging purposes.
Functions used for implementation of processes
should also understand system messages such as debugging
messages and code change. These functions must be used to implement the use of system messages for a process; either directly, or through standard behaviours, such as gen_server
.
The default timeout is 5000 ms, unless otherwise specified. The
timeout
defines the time period to wait for the process to
respond to a request. If the process does not respond, the
function evaluates exit({timeout, {M, F, A}})
.
The functions make reference to a debug structure.
The debug structure is a list of dbg_opt()
.
dbg_opt()
is an internal data type used by the
handle_system_msg/6
function. No debugging is performed if it is an empty list.
System Messages
Processes which are not implemented as one of the standard behaviours must still understand system messages. There are three different messages which must be understood:
-
Plain system messages. These are received as
{system, From, Msg}
. The content and meaning of this message are not interpreted by the receiving process module. When a system message has been received, the functionsys:handle_system_msg/6
is called in order to handle the request. -
Shutdown messages. If the process traps exits, it must be able to handle an shut-down request from its parent, the supervisor. The message
{'EXIT', Parent, Reason}
from the parent is an order to terminate. The process must terminate when this message is received, normally with the sameReason
asParent
. -
There is one more message which the process must understand if the modules used to implement the process change dynamically during runtime. An example of such a process is the
gen_event
processes. This message is{get_modules, From}
. The reply to this message isFrom ! {modules, Modules}
, whereModules
is a list of the currently active modules in the process.This message is used by the release handler to find which processes execute a certain module. The process may at a later time be suspended and ordered to perform a code change for one of its modules.
System Events
When debugging a process with the functions of this
module, the process generates system_events which are
then treated in the debug function. For example, trace
formats the system events to the tty.
There are three predefined system events which are used when a process receives or sends a message. The process can also define its own system events. It is always up to the process itself to format these events.
Types
name() = pid() | atom() | {global, atom()}
system_event() =
{in, Msg :: term()} |
{in, Msg :: term(), From :: term()} |
{out, Msg :: term(), To :: term()} |
term()
dbg_opt()
See above.
dbg_fun() =
fun((FuncState :: term(),
Event :: system_event(),
ProcState :: term()) ->
done | (NewFuncState :: term()))
Functions
log(Name, Flag) -> ok | {ok, [system_event()]}
Name = name()
Flag = true | {true, N :: integer() >= 1} | false | get | print
log(Name, Flag, Timeout) -> ok | {ok, [system_event()]}
Name = name()
Flag = true | {true, N :: integer() >= 1} | false | get | print
Timeout = timeout()
Turns the logging of system events On or Off. If On, a
maximum of
events are kept in the
debug structure (the default is 10). If
is get
, a list of all
logged events is returned. If
is print
, the
logged events are printed to standard_io
. The events are
formatted with a function that is defined by the process that
generated the event (with a call to
sys:handle_debug/4
).
log_to_file(Name, Flag) -> ok | {error, open_file}
Name = name()
Flag = (FileName :: string()) | false
log_to_file(Name, Flag, Timeout) -> ok | {error, open_file}
Name = name()
Flag = (FileName :: string()) | false
Timeout = timeout()
Enables or disables the logging of all system events in textual
format to the file. The events are formatted with a function that is
defined by the process that generated the event (with a call
to sys:handle_debug/4
).
statistics(Name, Flag) -> ok | {ok, Statistics}
Name = name()
Flag = true | false | get
Statistics = [StatisticsTuple] | no_statistics
StatisticsTuple =
{start_time, DateTime1} |
{current_time, DateTime2} |
{reductions, integer() >= 0} |
{messages_in, integer() >= 0} |
{messages_out, integer() >= 0}DateTime1 = DateTime2 = file:date_time()
statistics(Name, Flag, Timeout) -> ok | {ok, Statistics}
Name = name()
Flag = true | false | get
Statistics = [StatisticsTuple] | no_statistics
StatisticsTuple =
{start_time, DateTime1} |
{current_time, DateTime2} |
{reductions, integer() >= 0} |
{messages_in, integer() >= 0} |
{messages_out, integer() >= 0}DateTime1 = DateTime2 = file:date_time()
Timeout = timeout()
Enables or disables the collection of statistics. If
is
get
, the statistical collection is returned.
trace(Name, Flag) -> ok
Name = name()
Flag = boolean()
trace(Name, Flag, Timeout) -> ok
Name = name()
Flag = boolean()
Timeout = timeout()
Prints all system events on standard_io
. The events are
formatted with a function that is defined by the process that
generated the event (with a call to
sys:handle_debug/4
).
no_debug(Name) -> ok
Name = name()
no_debug(Name, Timeout) -> ok
Name = name()
Timeout = timeout()
Turns off all debugging for the process. This includes
functions that have been installed explicitly with the
install
function, for example triggers.
suspend(Name) -> Void
Name = name()
Void = term()
suspend(Name, Timeout) -> Void
Name = name()
Timeout = timeout()
Void = term()
Suspends the process. When the process is suspended, it will only respond to other system messages, but not other messages.
resume(Name) -> Void
Name = name()
Void = term()
resume(Name, Timeout) -> Void
Name = name()
Timeout = timeout()
Void = term()
Resumes a suspended process.
change_code(Name, Module, OldVsn, Extra) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Name = name()
Module = module()
OldVsn = undefined | term()
Extra = Reason = term()
change_code(Name, Module, OldVsn, Extra, Timeout) ->
ok | {error, Reason}
Name = name()
Module = module()
OldVsn = undefined | term()
Extra = term()
Timeout = timeout()
Reason = term()
Tells the process to change code. The process must be
suspended to handle this message. The
argument is
reserved for each process to use as its own. The function
is called.
is
the old version of the
.
get_status(Name) -> Status
Name = name()
Status =
{status, Pid :: pid(), {module, Module :: module()}, [SItem]}SItem =
(PDict :: [{Key :: term(), Value :: term()}]) |
(SysState :: running | suspended) |
(Parent :: pid()) |
(Dbg :: dbg_opt()) |
(Misc :: term())
get_status(Name, Timeout) -> Status
Name = name()
Timeout = timeout()
Status =
{status, Pid :: pid(), {module, Module :: module()}, [SItem]}SItem =
(PDict :: [{Key :: term(), Value :: term()}]) |
(SysState :: running | suspended) |
(Parent :: pid()) |
(Dbg :: dbg_opt()) |
(Misc :: term())
Gets the status of the process.
The value of
varies for different types of
processes. For example, a gen_server
process returns
the callback module's state, and a gen_fsm
process
returns information such as its current state name. Callback
modules for gen_server
and gen_fsm
can also
customise the value of
by exporting
a format_status/2
function that contributes
module-specific information;
see gen_server:format_status/2
and gen_fsm:format_status/2
for more details.
install(Name, FuncSpec) -> Void
install(Name, FuncSpec, Timeout) -> Void
Name = name()
FuncSpec = {Func, FuncState}
Func = dbg_fun()
FuncState = term()
Timeout = timeout()
Void = term()
This function makes it possible to install other debug functions than the ones defined above. An example of such a function is a trigger, a function that waits for some special event and performs some action when the event is generated. This could, for example, be turning on low level tracing.
is called whenever a system event is
generated. This function should return done
, or a new
func state. In the first case, the function is removed. It is removed
if the function fails.
Process Implementation Functions
The following functions are used when implementing a special process. This is an ordinary process which does not use a standard behaviour, but a process which understands the standard system messages.
Functions
debug_options(Options) -> [dbg_opt()]
Options = [Opt]
Opt =
trace |
log |
statistics |
{log_to_file, FileName} |
{install, FuncSpec}FileName = file:name()
FuncSpec = {Func, FuncState}
Func = dbg_fun()
FuncState = term()
This function can be used by a process that initiates a debug
structure from a list of options. The values of the
argument are the same as the corresponding
functions.
get_debug(Item, Debug, Default) -> term()
Item = log | statistics
Debug = [dbg_opt()]
Default = term()
This function gets the data associated with a debug option.
is returned if the
is not found. Can be
used by the process to retrieve debug data for printing
before it terminates.
handle_debug(Debug, FormFunc, Extra, Event) -> [dbg_opt()]
Debug = [dbg_opt()]
FormFunc = dbg_fun()
Extra = term()
Event = system_event()
This function is called by a process when it generates a
system event.
is a formatting
function which is called as
in order to print
the events, which is necessary if tracing is activated.
is any extra information which the
process needs in the format function, for example the name
of the process.
handle_system_msg(Msg, From, Parent, Module, Debug, Misc) -> Void
Msg = term()
From = {pid(), Tag :: term()}
Parent = pid()
Module = module()
Debug = [dbg_opt()]
Misc = Void = term()
This function is used by a process module that wishes to take care of system
messages. The process receives a {system,
message and passes the
and
to this
function.
This function never returns. It calls the function
where the
process continues the execution, or
if
the process should terminate. The
must export
system_continue/3
, system_terminate/4
, and
system_code_change/4
(see below).
The
argument can be used to save internal data
in a process, for example its state. It is sent to
or
print_log(Debug) -> Void
Debug = [dbg_opt()]
Void = term()
Prints the logged system events in the debug structure
using FormFunc
as defined when the event was
generated by a call to handle_debug/4
.
Mod:system_continue(Parent, Debug, Misc) -> none()
Parent = pid()
Debug = [dbg_opt()]
Misc = term()
This function is called from sys:handle_system_msg/6
when the process
should continue its execution (for example after it has been
suspended). This function never returns.
Mod:system_terminate(Reason, Parent, Debug, Misc) -> none()
Reason = term()
Parent = pid()
Debug = [dbg_opt()]
Misc = term()
This function is called from sys:handle_system_msg/6
when the process
should terminate. For example, this function is called when
the process is suspended and its parent orders shut-down.
It gives the process a chance to do a clean-up. This function never
returns.
Mod:system_code_change(Misc, Module, OldVsn, Extra) -> {ok, NMisc}
Misc = term()
OldVsn = undefined | term()
Module = atom()
Extra = term()
NMisc = term()
Called from sys:handle_system_msg/6
when the process
should perform a code change. The code change is used when the
internal data structure has changed. This function
converts the Misc
argument to the new data
structure. OldVsn
is the vsn attribute of the
old version of the Module
. If no such attribute was
defined, the atom undefined
is sent.